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The Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM) is an international treaty that prohibits the use, transfer and stockpile of cluster bombs, a type of explosive weapon which scatters submunitions ("bomblets") over an area. The convention was adopted on 2008 in Dublin,〔(Baltimore Sun – Cluster-bomb ban U.S. opposes passes (actual passage) )〕 and was opened for signature on 2008 in Oslo. It entered into force on 2010, six months after it was ratified by 30 states.〔Article 17 of the (Convention on Cluster Munitions ). Retrieved on 2008.〕 As of October 2015, 108 states have signed the treaty and 98 have ratified it or acceded to it.〔 Countries that ratify the convention will be obliged "never under any circumstances to":〔Article 1 of the (Convention on Cluster Munitions ). Retrieved on 2008.〕
The treaty allows certain types of weapons with submunitions that do not have the indiscriminate area effects or pose the same unexploded ordnance risks as cluster munitions. Permitted weapons must contain fewer than ten submunitions, and each must weigh more than , and each submunition must have the capability to detect and engage a single target object and contain electronic self-destruct and self-deactivation mechanisms.〔 Weapons containing submunitions which all individually weigh at least are also excluded.〔Article 2 of the (Convention on Cluster Munitions ). Retrieved on 2010.〕 A limited number of prohibited weapons and submunitions can be acquired and kept for training in, and development of, detection, clearance and destruction techniques and counter-measures. ==History== The impetus for the treaty, like that of the 1997 Ottawa Treaty to ban landmines, has been concern over the severe damage and risks to civilians from explosive weapons during and long after attacks. A varying proportion of submunitions dispersed by cluster bombs fail to explode on impact and can lie unexploded for years until disturbed. The sometimes brightly colored munitions are not camouflaged, but have been compared to toys or Easter eggs, attracting children at play.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The 2007 White House Cluster Bomb Hunt )〕 Human rights activists claim that one in four casualties resulting from submunitions that fail to explode on impact are children who often pick up and play with the explosive canisters well after the conflict has ended.〔("Britain Joins a Draft Treaty on Cluster Munitions " ), ''The New York Times'', 2008〕 The 2006 Lebanon War provided momentum for the campaign to ban cluster bombs. The United Nations estimated that up to 40% of Israeli cluster bomblets failed to explode on impact. Norway organized the independent Oslo process after discussions at the traditional disarmament forum in Geneva fell through in November 2006.〔("46 Nations Push for Cluster Bomb Treaty" ), ''Associated Press'' via ''The Washington Post'', 23 February 2007〕 The cluster munitions ban process, also known as the Oslo Process, began in February 2007 in Oslo. At this time, 46 nations issued the "Oslo Declaration", committing themselves to: Conclude by 2008 a legally binding international instrument that prohibits the use and stockpiling of cluster munitions that cause unacceptable harm to civilians and secure adequate provision of care and rehabilitation to survivors and clearance of contaminated areas.〔("Towards a Convention on Cluster Munitions" ), Permanent Mission of Norway to the United Nations, 2008〕〔(Oslo Conference on Cluster Munitions, 22– 2007: Declaration )〕 The Oslo Process held meetings in Lima in May 2007 and Vienna in December 2007. In February 2008, 79 countries adopted the "Wellington Declaration", setting forth the principles to be included in the convention.〔(Declaration of the Wellington conference on cluster munitions ). Retrieved on 2008.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Convention on Cluster Munitions」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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